Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Universitas Riau
EXTRACTION OF CAROTENOID PIGMENTS FROM BACTERIA LD07 ISOLATED FROM THE COASTAL WATERS OF DUMAI
Carotenoids are natural pigments with significant potential that are widely synthesized by photosynthetic bacteria. In addition to playing a role in photosynthesis, carotenoids also function as natural antioxidants capable of inhibiting the formation of free radicals and providing protection against oxidative stress. This study aims to characterize and to identify carotenoid pigments synthesized by marine photosynthetic bacteria, to determine the types of pigments, as well as to prove their antioxidant activity. The method used in this study was experimental, conducted to test the ability of marine photosynthetic bacteria to synthesize carotenoid pigments as producers of antioxidant compounds. The results of the study indicate that isolate LD07, a photosynthetic marine bacterium, contains carotenoid pigments. UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis revealed a maximum absorption peak at a wavelength of 490 nm, a value within the characteristic absorption region of carotenoid pigments
Copyright (c) 2026 Mira Angelina Syah, Ummi Mardhiah Batubara, Irwan Effendi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INFLUENCE OF BIOMASS Lemna sp. ON THE PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF PEAT WATER IN THE REARING MEDIUM OF ASIAN REDTAIL CATFISH (Hemibagrus nemurus)
Peatland waters hold great potential for aquaculture development; however, their unfavorable characteristics, such as low pH, brownish water color, and high levels of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pose major challenges. One approach to improving peat water quality is the use of aquatic plants as phytoremediation agents, such as Lemna sp. This study aims to determine the effect of Lemna sp biomass on the physical parameters of peat water and to identify the optimal biomass for the rearing of Asian redtail catfish (Hemibagrus nemurus). The study was conducted from March to July 2025 at the Integrated Marine Science Laboratory of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences at the Universitas Riau. The research method used was an experiment with a one-factor completely randomized design (CRD), consisting of five Lemna sp biomass treatments (0, 25, 37.5, 50, and 62.5 g/m²) and three replicates. The parameters observed included TDS, TSS, turbidity, temperature, pH, water color, absolute weight gain, and survival rate of Asian redtail catfish. The results showed that the addition of Lemna sp biomass significantly improved (P<0.05) the physical parameters of peat water. Increasing the Lemna sp biomass reduced TDS and TSS values and improved water clarity compared to the control without Lemna sp. These improvements in water quality positively affected the absolute weight gain and survival rate of Asian redtail catfish during the rearing period. A Lemna sp. biomass of 62.5 g/m² yielded the best results, with the most optimal physical quality of peat water and the highest growth and survival rates of Asian redtail catfish.
Copyright (c) 2026 Willy Josevin Manihuruk, Saberina Hasibuan, Rodhi Firmansyah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECT OF LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER (LOF) FROM CATFISH SOLID WASTE ON PEAT WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN THE CULTIVATION OF CLIMBING PERCH (Anabas testudineus)
Liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) derived from the solid waste of catfish processing is a fermented organic product containing macronutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), as well as micronutrients, amino acids, and decomposer microorganisms that improve water quality. This study aims to analyze the effects of LOF application on peat water quality and the growth performance of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus), and to determine the optimal dosage for cultivation. The research was conducted from June to July 2025 at the Aquaculture Environmental Quality Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau, with fish rearing carried out in the hatchery using aquarium. The study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of five treatments: P0 (0 ml/L), P1 (1.5 ml/L), P2 (2 ml/L), P3 (2.5 ml/L), and P4 (3 ml/L), each with three replications. The results showed that water quality parameters remained within acceptable ranges, with temperature of 28.73–28.9°C, pH of 4.96–5.2, TDS of 108.26–124.6 ppm, transparency of 7.66–9.1 cm, DO of 5.23–5.36 mg/L, alkalinity of 17–28 mg/L, nitrate of 4.0045–8.7292 mg/L, and orthophosphate of 1.5397–3.5454 mg/L. The application of POC increased pH, TDS, nitrate, and orthophosphate concentrations. The best growth performance was observed in treatment P2 (2 ml/L), which produced the highest absolute weight gain (2.15 g) and absolute length growth (2.72 cm), while the survival rate reached 100% across all treatments. Therefore, the P2 dosage is considered the most effective treatment for improving peat water quality and enhancing the growth of climbing perch.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahel Meriani Siringo Ringo, Saberina Hasibuan, Rodhi Firmansyah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR PANDAN BEACH MARINE TOURISM, CENTRAL TAPANULI REGENCY, NORTH SUMATRA
Pandan Beach is a popular tourist destination in Central Tapanuli Regency. The number of tourists in 2018 was 184,355; in 2019, it decreased to 114,925; in 2020, it decreased to 90,240; in 2021, it increased to 123,905; and in 2022, it decreased to 63,191. This research was conducted at Pandan Beach, Central Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra Province, in May 2023. This study aims to determine the current conditions and management strategies for Pandan Beach. The method used in this research is the survey method. The sample in this study amounted to 100 respondents. In this study, informants included 3 managers from Pandan Beach, Bappeda, and the Tourism Office, a Village Head, and 2 community leaders. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and SWOT analyses. The results of this study indicated that the appropriate management strategy for Pandan Beach is the SO (Strengths-Opportunities) strategy. Utilizing the natural beauty of Pandan Beach to attract tourists to visit, improving the quality and quantity of existing facilities such as toilets, prayer rooms, and others, utilizing government support to support the management of Pandan Beach attractions, involving surrounding communities, such as fishermen, to increase income and increase fishermen's income through boat rental and photo both.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ferya Lufika Br Simaremare, Trisla Warningsih, Tomi Ramadona (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHLOROPHYLL-α AND TOTAL PHOSPHORUS (TOTAL-P) IN PERUPUK LAKE, PERHENTIAN RAJA SUB-DISTRICT, KAMPAR, RIAU
The province of Riau has many freshwater bodies that play a very important role in the lives of those around them. This study aimed to determine the relationship between chlorophyll a and Total-P (Total Phosphorus) concentrations and to assess the trophic status of Perupuk Lake in Perhentian Raja Sub-District, Kampar Regency, Riau Province. The research was conducted from October to December 2024 at three stations: Station 1 (inlet, no settlement), Station 2 (lake main basin with fish cages), and Station 3 (outlet with settlement and agricultural activity). Sampling was performed 5 times at 1-week intervals at the surface and at 2 Secchi depths. Parameters measured included chlorophyll a, Total-P, temperature, transparency (Secchi depth), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), free carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrate. Results showed that chlorophyll a concentration ranged from 11.04 to 14.14 µg/L, with the highest at Station 2 (14.14 µg/L) and the lowest at Station 1 (11.04 µg/L). Total-P concentrations ranged from 0.0168–0.0338 mg/L, following the same pattern: highest at Station 3 (0.0338 mg/L) and lowest at Station 1 (0.0168 mg/L). Simple regression analysis showed a non-significant relationship between Total-P and chlorophyll-a (R² = 0.0266–0.0774), indicating that, in mesotrophic waters, other factors, such as light and nitrogen availability, also influence chlorophyll-a concentration. Based on chlorophyll a and Total-P concentrations, Perupuk Lake is categorized as a mesotrophic water body, with supporting parameters within optimal ranges for aquatic organisms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andika Ramadhani, Asmika H. Simarmata, Budijono Budijono (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ESTIMATION OF CARBON STORAGE AND ECONOMIC VALUE OF CARBON IN THE MANGROVE FOREST ECOSYSTEM OF BENGKALIS DISTRICT, BENGKALIS REGENCY, INDONESIA
Mangrove ecosystems play a crucial role in climate change mitigation by absorbing and storing carbon in biomass and sediments. This study aimed to estimate biomass carbon stocks, sediment carbon, CO₂ sequestration, and the economic value of mangrove carbon. The research was conducted in May 2025 in Bengkalis District, Bengkalis Regency. A survey method was employed, utilizing data on mangrove species composition, tree density, and diameter at breast height (DBH). The results identified six mangrove species: Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Avicennia alba, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum, and Excoecaria agallocha. The mangrove ecosystem in Bengkalis District exhibited an average aboveground tree carbon stock of 87.75 t ha⁻¹, root carbon stock of 36.77 t ha⁻¹, sediment carbon stock of 54.03 t ha⁻¹, and CO₂ sequestration of 456.97 t ha⁻¹. The estimated economic value of carbon was IDR 388,342,353 ha⁻¹. These findings indicate that the mangrove ecosystem in Bengkalis District has substantial potential as a carbon sink and storage system, highlighting the importance of sustainable management strategies to support climate change mitigation efforts
Copyright (c) 2026 Silvi Oktaviona, Syafruddin Nasution, Joko Samiaji (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ESTIMATION OF CARBON STOCK AND BIOMASS OF MANGROVE IN PANGKAL BABU VILLAGE TANJUNG JABUNG BARAT
Mangrove ecosystems play a critical role as blue carbon sinks, yet quantitative data on carbon stocks in many coastal villages of Jambi Province remain scarce. This study estimated above- and belowground biomass and carbon stocks in the mangrove ecosystem of Pangkal Babu Village, Tungkal Ilir District, Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, Jambi Province, Indonesia. A non-destructive inventory method was employed across three stations, with a total of eighteen 10 × 10 m sample plots. Tree diameter at breast height (DBH) was measured for all individuals with DBH ≥ 4 cm, and biomass was computed using the generic allometric equation of Komiyama et al. (2005). Six mangrove species were recorded: Sonneratia alba, Avicennia alba, A.marina, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, with a total of 246 individual trees. Mean total biomass was 189.29 ± 69.91 Mg/ha and mean carbon stock was 88.96 ± 32.88 Mg C/ha, equivalent to 326.50 ± 120.70 Mg CO₂e/ha. Station 2 exhibited the highest carbon stock (127.88 Mg C/ha), dominated by Avicennia alba with the highest importance value index (IVI = 97.65). These results confirm that the mangrove ecosystem of Pangkal Babu Village serves as a substantial carbon reservoir and should be prioritized for conservation and rehabilitation programs
Copyright (c) 2026 Ester Restiana Endang Gelis, Septy Heltria, Lauura Hermala Yunita, Rizky Janatul Magwa, Yoppie Wulanda, Farhan Ramdhani, Muhammad Hafidz Ibnu Khaldun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUATION OF THE POLLUTED MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM IN BANDAR BAKAU DUMAI
This study aims to calculate the Total Economic Value (TEV) of the polluted mangrove ecosystem in Bandar Bakau Dumai, Riau Province. Mangrove ecosystems provide important ecological and economic services but face serious threats from pollution from industrial activities, domestic waste, and plastic waste. This study uses the Total Economic Value approach, which includes Direct Use Value (DUV), Indirect Use Value (IUV), and Opportunity Value (OV). Data was collected through surveys, interviews with 14 respondents, and secondary data analysis. The results show that the TEV of the mangrove ecosystem is IDR 468,960,000/year, or approximately IDR 15,128,387/ha/year. The DUV component of IDR 147,700,000 is derived from the utilization of shrimp, kedabu fruit juice, and nyirih leaves. The IUV of IDR 320,000,000 reflects services for coastal protection and the provision of marine biota habitat. Meanwhile, the OV of IDR 1,260,000 indicates the community's willingness to pay for conservation. This value confirms that, despite pollution, mangrove ecosystems continue to provide significant economic benefits and should be prioritized in conservation and sustainable management policies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fitri Herliza, Trisla Warningsih, Lamun Bathara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE POTENTIAL OF BANDOTAN LEAVES (Ageratum conyzoides L.) AS AN IMMUNOSTIMULANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT IN AQUACULTURE: A REVIEW
Aquaculture intensification increases fish susceptibility to infectious diseases, prompting the search for natural alternatives to reduce dependence on synthetic chemicals. Bandotan leaves (Ageratum conyzoides L.) of the Asteraceae family contain secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins, with antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. This literature review aims to analyze the potential of bandotan leaves as a natural immunostimulant and antibacterial agent in aquaculture, focusing on their phytochemical content, mechanism of action, and safety. This study used a literature review method, conducting searches across national and international journal databases, university repositories, and research institute publications. The inclusion criteria included articles discussing the biological aspects, phytochemical content, antibacterial activity, immunomodulatory effects, physiological parameters, histology, and safety of bandotan leaves in the context of aquaculture. The results of the study showed that bandotan leaf extract effectively inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria in fish by disrupting cell membrane integrity and inhibiting bacterial enzymes. Its bioactive compounds enhance immune response, antioxidant activity, and reduce metabolic stress in fish. However, its application faces challenges in determining the optimal dosage, assessing histopathological effects, and managing potential respiratory distress at high concentrations. Further research is needed to optimize the formulation, understand the molecular mechanisms, and ensure the long-term safety of bandotan leaf use in sustainable fish farming systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Ikhlas Syuhada, Ronal Kurniawan, Okta Rizal Karsih, M Irsyad Nur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF THE REGIONAL FISHERY PORT I CAROCOK TARUSAN IN WEST SUMATRA PROVINCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE FUNCTION OF A FISHERY PORT
This research was conducted in October and November 2022. The research aims to identify problems in the implementation of fisheries port functions in the Regional Fishery Port I Carocok Tarusan and to find solutions in the form of strategies that must be implemented so that the Regional Fishery Port I Carocok Tarusan can apply all fisheries port functions in accordance with Ministerial Regulation No. 08/MEN/2012. The method used is a survey method. The data collected in this research relate to the implementation of fisheries port functions under Ministerial Regulation No. 08 of 2012 at the Regional Fishery Port I Carocok Tarusan. Data analysis was carried out descriptively by examining the conformity of the functions of the Regional Fishery Port I Carocok Tarusan with Ministerial Regulation No. 08 of 2012. Furthermore, a SWOT analysis was conducted to identify strategies to implement so that these functions can be carried out at the Regional Fishery Port I Carocok Tarusan. The results of the study indicate that out of the 9 functions that have been established, only a few functions have been implemented by Regional Fishery Port I Carocok Tarusan, including the function of providing services for mooring and anchoring of fishing boats, the function of fish loading and unloading services, the function of fish marketing and distribution, the function of providing logistics and supplies for fishing vessels, the function of marine tourism, and the function of providing and/or other services in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations. The results of the SWOT analysis show that the position of Regional Fishery Port I Carocok Tarusan is in quadrant III; therefore, a turnaround W-O (Weaknesses-Opportunities) strategy is needed to minimize weaknesses and take advantage of opportunities
Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Wangi Tri Rumelia, Jonny Zain, Polaris Nasution (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CARAPACE WIDTH-BODY WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP AND CONDITION FACTORS OF Portunus sanguinolentus IN SOUTHEASTERN BONE GULF, SOUTHEAST SULAWESI
This study aimed to determine the body size, carapace width-weight relationship, and condition factors of Portunus sanguinolentus in southeastern Bone Gulf, Southeast Sulawesi. Samples of P. sanguinolentus were obtained from crab fishermen and were collected monthly. The measured data consisted of carapace width and body weight, stratified by sex. The Mann-Whitney test was used to assess differences in body size between males and females. The carapace width-body weight relationship was analyzed using nonlinear and linear regression analysis, and a t-test was performed on the value of b = 3 to determine the growth pattern of the crab. The condition factor analyzed was the relative condition factor. The results showed that male P. sanguinolentus had a larger body size than females. The carapace width-body weight relationship of male, female, and pooled P. sanguinolentus showed a strong and positive correlation, and the growth pattern was negative allometric. The relative condition factor of males was higher than that of females. The results of this study can be used as a basis for managing P. sanguinolentus in the southeastern Bone Gulf.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Hamid, Syamsul Kamri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OPTIMIZATION OF NURSERY TECHNIQUES FOR SILVER POMPANO (Trachinotus blochii) IN BPBL BATAM: ANALYSIS OF GROWTH PERFORMANCE, SURVIVAL RATE, AND WATER QUALITY
The production of silver pompano (Trachinotus blochii) in Indonesia has declined sharply, highlighting persistent issues in its nursery stage, particularly the inability to promote rapid growth and high survival rates when water quality fluctuates. This research assessed intensive nursery techniques implemented at Balai Perikanan Budidaya Laut (BPBL) in Batam by systematically testing different stocking densities, feeding schedules, and key water-quality metrics. Over a twenty-one-day culture cycle, observers collected data daily and interpreted it using descriptive statistics. Fish length rose from an initial mean of 2.50 cm to 3.73 cm, and mean weight climbed from 0.50 g to 1.30 g, yielding an average specific growth rate of 2.5% per day, a survival rate of 83.7%, and a feed-conversion ratio of 2.1. During the trial, temperature (27.6 °C), pH (7.81), dissolved oxygen (5.7 mg/L), and salinity (30 ppt) consistently fell within national SNI 7901-2013 standards. Most deaths occurred during grading rather than through cannibalism, indicating that handling stress, rather than predatory behavior, was the primary cause of loss. Collectively, these results establish a reference point for nursery management of T. blochii and furnish Indonesian aquaculture planners with data needed to boost fish-seed output while strengthening coastal community livelihoods
Copyright (c) 2025 Imanda Khalidah, Indra Lesmana, Rodhi Firmansyah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY BASED ON NITRATE, PHOSPHATE, AND AMMONIA CONCENTRATIONS IN BURUK BAKUL VILLAGE, BENGKALIS, RIAU
Coastal ecosystems are highly sensitive to nutrient enrichment, particularly from land-based activities and aquaculture effluents, which contribute to water quality degradation. This study evaluated the concentrations of nitrate, ammonia, and phosphate in the coastal waters of Buruk Bakul Village, Bengkalis, Riau Province, Indonesia. Water samples were collected from four representative stations in August 2025: a river estuary, a shrimp pond, a mangrove rehabilitation site, and a natural mangrove forest. The analysis was conducted using spectrophotometric methods in accordance with the Indonesian National Standards (SNI). Results indicated that nitrate concentrations ranged from 0.0822 to 0.1932 mg/L, ammonia from 0.5705 to 1.7338 mg/L, and phosphate from 0.0845 to 0.299 mg/L. All parameters exceeded the seawater quality standards for marine biota established by the Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 51/2004, indicating a significant anthropogenic influence. The river estuary recorded the highest nitrate and phosphate levels, reflecting inputs from land runoff and domestic waste, while ammonia peaked in the shrimp pond due to aquaculture discharge. Nutrient levels in mangrove-associated stations were lower but still above the threshold, indicating that mangrove ecosystems provide some capacity to retain and transform nutrients, although insufficient for full remediation. Elevated nutrient concentrations pose ecological risks, such as eutrophication and algal blooms, which may disrupt biodiversity and fisheries productivity. This study emphasizes the urgency of improving aquaculture waste management, reducing land-derived nutrient loading, and strengthening mangrove conservation and rehabilitation as integrated strategies to sustain coastal ecosystem health in Buruk Bakul and similar regions. These findings provide a baseline for nutrient management and coastal rehabilitation strategies in western Indonesian waters
Copyright (c) 2025 Sefni Hendris, Dessy Yoswaty, Irvina Nurrachmi, Nabila Afifah Azuga, Bella Billiant J Ananta Kambaren, Rianti Putri, Ardi Gustri Purbata (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE COASTAL AREA OF RUPAT DISTRICT
Coastal environmental problems in Rupat District cannot be resolved solely through a top-down approach or government intervention. This study was conducted in 2025 with the intention of comprehensively analyzing the role of the community in environmental management in the coastal areas of Rupat District, particularly on Ketapang and Lancah beaches. Through a systematic research approach, this study aims to identify the forms of community roles in coastal environmental management efforts, analyze factors that influence the level of community participation, describe the various challenges faced in implementing community-based environmental management, and formulate strategies for strengthening community roles that can be implemented sustainably. The method used in this study was a survey method with a total of 31 respondents, consisting of fishermen, seaweed farmers, fish traders, community leaders, and people involved in marine tourism activities. The results of the study can be concluded that community-based coastal environmental management has enormous potential but faces complex structural challenges
Copyright (c) 2025 Lamun Bathara, Syahril Nedi, Irwan Effendi, Musyirna Rahmah NST, Tio Afandi Nasution, Afrizal Tanjung, Afrizal Tanjung (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COLLABORATION ON DEVELOPMENT PLANNING POLICY: MITIGATION OF ABRASION PREVENTION IN SIAK REGENCY (CASE STUDY OF MENGKAPAN VILLAGE)
Siak Regency, located in Riau Province, is one of the areas facing a serious threat of abrasion, especially in coastal areas bordering the Lalang Strait. Mengkapan Village, one of the coastal villages in Siak Regency, has been significantly affected by abrasion. Based on initial observations, the abrasion rate in this area is 2-5 m per year, which poses a threat. Development planning policies play a crucial role in addressing the abrasion phenomenon in Mengkapan Village, Siak Regency, Riau Province. With good planning, development will align with community expectations. Based on satellite imagery analyses in 2020 and 2025, Mengkapan Village experienced abrasion at a rate of 6.43 m/year. Development planning policies in coastal abrasion mitigation must be an integral part of a sustainable regional development strategy. Through a combination of structural, non-structural, and collaborative approaches, along with strong policy support, coastal abrasion can be minimized. Synergy among the government, community, business world, and academia are key to realizing a resilient, productive, and sustainable coastline for future generations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Asfar, Indra Suandy, Yusri Yusri, Agus Mandar, Maellynia Mustofa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF Cosmos caudatus IN PREVENTING HYPERGLYCEMIA DUE TO Aeromonas hydrophila INFECTION IN Pangasianodon hypophthalmus
Cosmos caudatus is a herb that benefits overall health. This study aimed to determine the effect of C. caudatus leaf supplementation in feed on blood glucose levels in catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. This study was conducted from March to August 2024 at the Marine Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Riau. The method used was an experimental design employing a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and three replications: negative control (NC, no supplementation, no infection), positive control (PC, no supplementation, with A. hydrophila bacterial infection), supplementation with C. caudatus at doses of 10 g/kg (T1), 15 g/kg (T2), and 20 g/kg (T3) of feed, all tested against A. hydrophila. The fish fry used weighed 5.00 ± 1.00 g and were reared for 75 days in 100-L tanks integrated with an aquaponics system. The fish were fed the experimental feed for 60 days before challenge with A. hydrophila bacteria (10⁸ CFU/mL, intramuscular injection) and continued for 14 days after challenge. Blood glucose levels were measured at the beginning (day 1), day 30, pre-challenge (day 60), and post-challenge (day 75). The results showed that adding basil leaves to the feed affected blood glucose (P<0.05). The addition of C. Caudatus leaves maintained glucose homeostasis within the range of 68.33±10.59-79.67±7.77 mg/dL. These findings indicate that C. Caudatus supplementation effectively prevents hyperglycemia caused by A. hydrohila infection in striped catfish and suggest its potential as a natural immunostimulant and metabolic modulator in aquaculture
Copyright (c) 2025 Ronal Kurniawan, Windarti Windarti, Irwan Effendi, Asmika Harnalin Simarmata, Efawani Efawani, Rodhi Firmansyah, Nur Ikhlas Syuhada, Okta Rizal Karsih (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DIVERSITY OF ECONOMICALLY VALUABLE FISH TYPES IN THE LUBUK LARANGAN AREA, THE BATANG BUNGO RIVER, BUNGO REGENCY, JAMBI
The diversity of economically valuable fish species in the Batang Bungo River is crucial for assessing the condition and population, which is the foundation for sustainable capture fisheries in the future. The research aims to identify the economic value of the Batang Bungo River and the diversity, dominance, and relative abundance of economically valuable fish. The research method involved a survey, and data were collected using a purposive sampling technique based on various environmental characteristics and fishing areas commonly used by local fishermen. These fishermen caught 15 people per station. Eight species of economically valuable fish were found in the Batang Bungo River. The diversity values ​​in the upstream (2,049) and downstream (1,933) sections were categorized as moderate. Dominance Index of upstream (0.13: downstream section: 0.15) (medium). The highest relative abundance was found in seluang (Rasbora argyrotaenia) (relative value: 15,95%) and baung (Mystus nemurus) (relative value: 15,65%).
Copyright (c) 2025 Rini Hertati, Safitriani Safitriani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHARACTERISTICS OF TIDES, WAVES, AND BATHYMETRY IN THE WATERS OF BAYUR BAY PADANG CITY, WEST SUMATRA
This study aims to examine the characteristics of tides, waves, and bathymetry in Bayur Bay, Padang City, West Sumatra. Data collection was conducted in October 2024 through a survey method that included tidal observations for 15 days, wave measurements at three stations for 3 days, and measurements of water quality parameters (temperature, salinity, and brightness). Secondary data were obtained from ECMWF and GEBCO and analyzed using Surfer 13 and ArcGIS. The analysis results show that the tides are of a mixed type, leaning towards double daily with a Formzahl value of 0.51. Wave heights vary between 0.15 and 0.6 m, and validation with ECMWF data yields low RMSE values (0.1263-0.2983), indicating the suitability of the model and field data. The bathymetry of Bayur Bay ranges from 0 to 45 m, with the seabed dominated by fine sand. This information is important as a basis for coastal zone management, shipping, and maritime infrastructure development
Copyright (c) 2025 Rafly Fadiansyah Siregar, Rifardi Rifardi, Efriyeldi Efriyeldi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHARACTERISTICS OF CARAGENAN FROM RED SEAWEED (RHODOPHYTA) Eucheuma spinosum AND Eucheuma cottonii ORIGINATING FROM MORO ISLAND
Red seaweeds Eucheuma spinosum and E. cottonii are raw materials for producing carrageenan. Carrageenan is a group of polysaccharides widely used as thickening, stabilizing, and gelling agents across various industries. This study aims to determine the physicochemical characteristics of carrageenan from E. spinosum and E.cottonii seaweed. This research uses an experimental method: direct extraction with hot alkali, with three repetitions. The physicochemical parameters analyzed include yield, gel strength, viscosity, water content, ash content, and sulfate content. The results of the study of the physicochemical characteristics of carrageenan from E. spinosum raw materials produced a yield of 34.41%, gel strength 22.17 g/cm2, viscosity 1450 cP, water content 11.57%, ash content 24.41%, and sulfate content 24.89%. The results of the study of the physico-chemical characteristics of E. cottonii produced a yield of 29.54%, gel strength of 488.58 g/cm2, viscosity of 30.05 cP, water content of 9.95%, ash of 36.42%, and sulfate content of 21.42%. The FTIR profiles of E. spinosum carrageenan compounds show iota carrageenan, and those of E. cottonii carrageenan compounds show kappa carrageenan. The physicochemical characteristics of E. spinosum and E.cottonii carrageenan raw materials have met FAO standards, except for gel strength and ash content in E. cottonii carrageenan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ika Darmila Siregar, Andarini Diharmi, Rahman Karnila (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF MARINE PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA AND BIOPIGMENT EXTRACTS AGAINST AQUATIC PATHOGENS
Potential of marine photosynthetic bacteria (MPB) and their biopigment extracts as antimicrobial agents against two major aquatic pathogens, Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus. The research was conducted from February to April 2025. Six MPB isolates were cultured under laboratory conditions to induce pigment production. Biopigments, natural pigments produced by microorganisms, exhibit antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Pigment extraction was performed using acetone and ether, followed by evaporation to obtain concentrated pigment extracts. The antimicrobial activity of both MPB suspensions and their biopigment extracts was tested using the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) media. The results showed that the MPB suspensions produced no inhibition zones against either pathogen. In contrast, the biopigment extracts demonstrated weak antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 1 to 4 mm, a classification of weak. However, the ability of biopigment extracts to inhibit bacterial growth, even at low levels, suggests the presence of bioactive compounds with potential antimicrobial activity. These findings suggest that MPB-derived biopigments may serve as a natural alternative in future antimicrobial development
Copyright (c) 2025 Hersa Javayu Defitra, Ummi Mardhiah Batubara, Thamrin Thamrin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND CARBON STOCK POTENTIAL OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS IN THE COASTAL AREA OF BANGKO SUBDISTRICT, ROKAN HILIR REGENCY
The objectives of this study were to analyze mangrove community structure, estimate carbon storage and CO₂ sequestration potential, assess the economic value of CO₂ sequestration, and formulate management strategies for mangrove forests in the coastal area of Bangko Subdistrict, Rokan Hilir Regency. This research was conducted in October 2024 in the coastal area of Bangko Subdistrict, Rokan Hilir Regency, Riau Province. The method applied was a survey-based approach. Sampling stations were determined using purposive sampling. Mangrove community structure data were collected using 10 m × 10 m quadrat transect plots. A total of six observation stations were established, with three plots per transect. The potential carbon stock of the mangrove ecosystem was calculated based on carbon content from trunk biomass, roots, litter, and sediment. Biomass carbon estimation utilized species-specific allometric equations. The results recorded seven mangrove species: Avicennia alba, A. eucalyptifolia, A. lanata, Bruguiera parviflora, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, and Sonneratia alba. The highest relative density and the highest relative frequency were recorded for A.alba at Station I (75%) and Station II (42.86%). The highest relative dominance was recorded for Sonneratia alba at Station V (52.05%). The highest Importance Value Index (IVI) was observed for Avicennia alba at Station I (151.15%). The mangrove ecosystem in the coastal area of Bangko Subdistrict has an average carbon stock potential of 382.37 tons/ha, with an estimated CO₂ sequestration potential of 1,277.21 tons per hectare, totalling 15,893,618.87 tons. The estimated average economic value of carbon sequestration is IDR 1,081,274,726/ha, equivalent to IDR 13,455,438,919,367. Sustainable mangrove ecosystem management as a contribution to climate change mitigation can be implemented through the following strategies: ecosystem rehabilitation and protection, strengthening governance and law enforcement, community empowerment and alternative livelihood development, increased awareness and cross-sectoral coordination, and continuous monitoring and research
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Komariah, Deni Efizon, Syafruddin Nasution (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECT OF ECO-ENZYME ON BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF Lemna sp. IN GIANT GOURAMI (Osphronemus gouramy) CULTURE SYSTEMS
Giant gourami (Osphronemus gouramy) is one of Indonesia's most valuable freshwater fish species; however, its aquaculture development is constrained by slow growth and low survival rates. Improving water quality through the use of aquatic plants such as Lemna sp. and the application of eco-enzymes is essential. The development of Lemna sp. depends on nutrient availability, especially nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potassium (K), which can be enhanced by adding an eco-enzyme. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different eco-enzyme concentrations on Lemna sp. biomass production, specific growth rate, and water quality parameters in giant gourami culture systems. The research was conducted using an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of five treatments and three replications: P0 (0 ml/L), P1 (1.5 ml/L), P2 (2.5 ml/L), P3 (3.5 ml/L), and P4 (4.5 ml/L) of eco-enzyme concentration. The results showed that eco-enzyme administration significantly influenced Lemna sp. biomass. The best results were observed in treatment P4 (4.5 ml/L), which produced the highest Lemna sp. biomass (132.87 g) and specific growth rate (4.47%). Optimal water quality was recorded in treatment P4, with temperature ranging from 26.1–29.8°C, pH 5.5–8.38, dissolved oxygen 3.10–6.42 mg/L, phosphate 0.3097–0.3872 mg/L, nitrate 0.5517–10.2414 mg/L, and CO₂ 17–40 mg/L. These findings demonstrate that eco-enzyme application at 4.5 mL/L effectively enhances Lemna sp. productivity as a natural biofilter while simultaneously improving giant gourami growth performance and survival
Copyright (c) 2025 Naufal Arif Budiman, Saberina Hasibuan, Rodhi Firmansyah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENTATION RATES AT THE MOUTH OF THE MESJID RIVER IN DUMAI CITY: IMPLICATIONS FOR SILTATION AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
The Mesjid River Estuary in Dumai City is an area prone to sediment accumulation due to the influence of river hydrology dynamics and interaction with oceanographic processes in coastal waters. The sedimentation phenomenon that occurs has a direct implication on the rate of estuary siltation and sediment transport patterns that affect the balance of the aquatic ecosystem. This study aims to analyze the sedimentation rate and sediment characteristics at the Mesjid River Estuary and examine the impact of sedimentation on siltation and sediment transport patterns. This study was conducted in December 2024 at the Mesjid River Estuary, Dumai City, with the aim of analyzing the sedimentation rate and its implications for siltation and sediment transport. Sedimentation in estuarine areas is an important phenomenon that affects changes in channel morphology, navigation capacity, and coastal ecosystem balance. Data collection was conducted at six research stations from upstream to downstream by recording water quality parameters, sediment characteristics, sedimentation rates, total suspended solids (TSS), and sediment transport. The results showed that the sedimentation rate ranged from 7.0 to 10.3 cm/year, with an average of 8.77 cm/year, which is relatively high compared to other estuaries in Southeast Asia. The average TSS value of 135 mg/l indicates a significant supply of sediment from land erosion and anthropogenic activities, while the sediment transport load reached 338.2 tons/year, confirming the role of the estuary as a center of material accumulation. These conditions accelerate siltation, limit the efficiency of maritime transportation, and alter coastal morphological dynamics, necessitating active management strategies and sustainable mitigation to maintain ecosystem functions and support the sustainability of local economic activities
Copyright (c) 2025 Ilham Ilahi, Mubarak Mubarak, Farhat Ofirma, Gita Purnama Sari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTIVENESS OF REPLACING Artemia sp. FEED WITH FERMENTED PASTE FEED ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF STRIPED CATFISH LARVAE (Pangasionodon hypopthalmus) PUSTINA STRAIN
Striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) in Riau is known as a commodity with bright prospects for cultivation, given increasing market demand aligned with community needs and its affordable price. This study was conducted from April 28 to June 7, 2025, at the Fish Breeding and Improvement Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Riau. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal timing for switching from Artemia sp. feed to fermented paste feed to enhance the growth and survival rate of Pustina strain striped catfish larvae. The method used was an experimental method with five treatments and three replicates (15 experimental units) with a stocking density of 75 fish/tank and with treatments AR 5 T 5 PBF 30 (Artemia sp. 5 days + silkworms 5 days + Fermented Paste Feed 30 days), AR 5 T 7 PBF 28 (Artemia sp. 5 days + silkworms 7 days + Fermented Paste Feed 28 days), AR 5 T 9 PBF 26 (Artemia sp. 5 days + silkworms 9 days + Fermented Paste Feed 26 days), AR 5 T 11 PBF 24 (Artemia sp. 5 days + silkworms 11 days + Fermented Paste Feed 24 days), AR 5 T 13 PBF 22 (Artemia sp. 5 days + silkworms 13 days + Fermented Paste Feed 22 days). The best treatment was AR 5 T 13 PBF 22 (Artemia sp. 5 days + silkworms 13 days + Fermented Paste Feed 22 days), which produced absolute weight growth of 2.49±0.037e, absolute length growth of 5.99±0.62e, specific growth rate of 17.16±0.05e, and survival rate of 87.11±2.03a.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rizqy Putra Perdana, Netti Aryani, Nur Asiah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HEDONIC TESTING OF MILKFISH COOKIES WITH ADDED MORINGA LEAVES AS COMPLEMENTARY FOOD FOR PREGNANT WOMEN TO PREVENT STUNTING IN NUNUKAN
Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in pregnant women occurs due to nutritional deficiencies due to insufficient energy and nutrient intake, which can endanger the mother's health and cause fetal growth retardation. This condition can be prevented by providing supplementary feeding (PMT) to balance nutritional intake and to avoid stunting from in utero (1). Stunting can occur in utero and is only visible when the child is two years old. Based on data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Nunukan Regency, the number of babies born with low birth weight (LBW) increased from 225 babies (2022) to 353 babies (2023), while the number of babies with malnutrition increased from 192 babies to 391 babies in 2023 (2). The urgency of this study is the provision of complementary foods in the form of cookies for pregnant women from processed milkfish with additional nutritional value from moringa leaves for early stunting prevention in Nunukan Regency, North Kalimantan Province. Processed cookies are very important for pregnant women to achieve optimal nutritional adequacy. The purpose of this study is to test the hedonic (level of preference) and proximate testing on cookies made from milkfish (Chanos chanos) with the addition of moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) as an effort to overcome the problem of malnutrition cases, especially about stunting that starts from mothers during pregnancy or pregnancy as an early prevention so that children are not born with a large birth weight (LBW), especially in Nunukan Regency, North Kalimantan. The research method was a survey to measure the level of preference or acceptance of milkfish cookies containing nutrients from moringa leaves among pregnant women, with 30 panelists. Complementary foods were analyzed for preference levels to assess the innovation's acceptance in the processing of these cookies. The results of the proximate analysis of this cookie product that still do not meet the requirements are the water and ash content. Meanwhile, the nutritional content of cookies according to SNI 01-7148-2005 (special drinks for pregnant and/or breastfeeding mothers) and SNI 2973.2022 (biscuits) has met the quality requirements for protein, fat, and carbohydrate levels. Meanwhile, hedonic testing using SPSS version 27 with Duncan analysis for color parameters yielded 4.40; aroma, 4.07; texture, 4.33; taste, 4.10; aftertaste, 4.13; and overall, 4.13. These results indicate that all sensory attributes, aroma, texture, taste, aftertaste, and overall acceptance, were categorized as "liked," suggesting that the product has a good level of acceptance among the panelists
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Hajar, Jemri Jemri, Sri Astika, Jifa Jifa, Alifah Alifah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EXISTING CONDITION OF THE DRIED SALTED FISH SUPPLY CHAIN IN SIBOLGA CITY, NORTH SUMATRA
Sibolga City is one of the coastal areas in North Sumatra Province that plays a vital role in Indonesia’s marine and fisheries sector. This study aims to analyze the supply chain system of dried salted fish in Sibolga City, which includes three main components: the product flow, information flow, and financial flow. The research was conducted in September 2025 using a descriptive method with a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach. Primary data were obtained through interviews and field observations involving fishermen, dried salted fish processors, collectors, retailers, and the Department of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (DKP) of Sibolga City. In contrast, secondary data were derived from DKP reports. The results showed that there are three main supply chain patterns: (1) fisherman–processor–collector–retailer–consumer, (2) fisherman–processor–collector–consumer, and (3) fisherman–processor–direct consumer. On average, dried salted fish processors in Sibolga can produce between 100 and 200 kg per day, depending on the availability of raw materials. Shorter distribution channels generate higher efficiency by reducing marketing costs, accelerating the flow of information and finance, and maintaining product quality. This study concludes that the dried salted fish supply chain in Sibolga City has been functioning but remains sub-optimal. Strengthening coordination among actors, improving access to formal financing, and utilizing information technology in distribution and marketing are necessary to enhance efficiency and increase the added value of dried salted fish products at the local level.
Copyright (c) 2025 Irwan Limbong, Muhammad Yogi Prayoga, Amraini Fitri, Andrha Syatha Pahana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GROWTH PATTERNS AND GONAD MATURITY LEVELS OF (Barbonymus schwanefeldii) FISH IN THE BATANG ASAI SAROLANGUN RIVER
The condition of the Batang Asai River in Sarolangun Regency, Jambi, has experienced a decline in water quality due to anthropogenic activities such as land clearing, settlement, and mining. This condition threatens the sustainability of fish populations, especially those from the Cyprinidae family, which are an important and environmentally sensitive group of fish for consumption, one of which is the lampam (Barbonymus schwanefeldii). However, scientific information on the bioecology of lampam in this region is very limited. Therefore, this research is needed to provide basic data to support adaptive conservation and fisheries management strategies. This study aims to analyze the growth patterns and gonadal maturity levels of lampam in the Batang Asai River, Sarolangun Regency, as a basis for inland fisheries management. A total of 113 fish, consisting of 64 males and 49 females, were observed. Male fish had a positive allometric growth pattern, while female fish had an isometric growth pattern. Analysis of Gonad Maturity Level (GML) found fish with GML I to GML IV, but immature gonads dominated the condition of the fish. In general, the water quality of the Batang Asai River still supports fish life, as can be seen from the growth patterns of the fish, but most of the fish found during the study were still immature despite the presence of fish with GML I to GML IV.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yoppie Wulanda, Rizky Janatul Magwa, Ester Restiana Endang Gelis, Septy Heltria, Lauura Hermala Yunita, Farhan Ramdhani, Febrina Rolin, Yusyam Leni, Muhammad Hafidz Ibnu Khaldun, Ainun Rohmawati Bareta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CLIMATE-INFORMED ECOLOGICAL MONITORING OF ZELI LAKE: REMOTE SENSING AND FIELD APPROACHES
The ecological and tourism potential of Zeli Lake has been assessed using remote sensing techniques based on aerospace data. Using OpenStreetMap and Google Earth, the eco-geographical features of the lake were identified from these materials. The lake covers approximately 2,551 m² (0.26 ha) and has a total perimeter of 202.4 m. Its absolute altitude is around 909 m above sea level, while the relative altitude (eye altitude) reaches 1.37 km. From a satellite view, the lake has an oval, leaf-like shape. According to Google Earth measurements, its map length is 76.60 m and ground length is 76.96 m with a heading of 193.43°. The width is 63.37 m on the map and 63.39 m on the ground, with a heading of 90.59°. The exact geographic location of the Lake is 40°24′24.6″ N, latitude, and 46°23′10.8″ E longitude. So far, the ecotourism resources of the research object have not been comprehensively studied. In this respect, the lake's climatic conditions were analyzed using Landsat satellite imagery, other remote sensing data, and field visits. Seasonal monitoring was conducted to assess climate, forest cover, and visitor activity. The woodland surrounding the lake covers about 0.88 ha within a perimeter of 678 m. The area remains largely undeveloped, with only a small café located on the shore; no cottages, hotels, or hostels exist nearby. During autumn migration, several bird species are observed around the lake. Many of these belong to the species listed in the “Green Book” and “Red Book” of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In conclusion, the lake itself is a valuable natural site with promising ecotourism opportunities. However, its ecosystem has not yet been fully investigated, and further interdisciplinary research is required to evaluate and sustainably develop its resources.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ulviyya Mammadova, Fuad Guliyev, Elchin Aliyev (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECT OF Chaetomorpha sp. EXTRACT ON THE HEMATOLOGY OF TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) INFECTED WITH Aeromonas hydrophila
Chaetomorpha sp. is a green macroalgae that contains various bioactive compounds with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as the potential to improve the physiological health of fish. This research investigates how incorporating Chaetomorpha sp. extract into the diet influences the hematological parameters of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with four levels of extract supplementation (0, 25, 50, and 75 mL/kg of feed), with each treatment replicated three times. The hematological parameters analyzed included total erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and blood glucose. The findings indicated that adding Chaetomorpha sp. extract to the diet significantly (p<0.05) improved all hematological indicators relative to the control, with 50 mL/kg of feed as the most effective dosage. The highest erythrocyte count 1.89 x106 cells/mm3, hematocrit value 35.67%, hemoglobin concentration 6.87 g/dL and blood glucose level 90 mg/dL were observed in fish fed 50 mL/kg extract. This increase in hematological values indicates improved oxygen transport capacity, physiological condition, and metabolic response in fish. Bioactive constituents, including sulfated polysaccharides and flavonoids, are believed to enhance the hematological condition of fish. These findings confirm the potential of Chaetomorpha sp. as a natural supplement to support Tilapia health in sustainable aquaculture systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 M. Riswan, Sri Wahyuni, Ronal Kurniawan, Hayatun Nufus, Asri Mursawal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF KAWAKAWA (Euthynnus affinis) LANDED AT PPI UJONG BAROH, WEST ACEH
This study analyzed the population dynamics of kawakawa tuna (Euthynnus affinis) landed at PPI Ujong Baroh, West Aceh, from May to August 2025, using length-frequency data and the Von Bertalanffy growth model. A total of 815 individuals were measured to estimate growth, mortality, and exploitation parameters. The fork length ranged from 22–69 cm, dominated by medium-sized fish (30–37 cm FL), with the length at first capture (Lc = 33 cm FL) notably smaller than the length at first maturity (Lm ≈ 42–43 cm FL). Growth analysis indicated rapid juvenile growth, characterized by an asymptotic length (L∞) of 90 cm and a relatively high growth coefficient (K), while recruitment occurred periodically throughout the year. Mortality estimates showed total mortality (Z) of 4.77/year, natural mortality (M) of 1.45/year, and fishing mortality (F) of 3.32/year, resulting in an exploitation rate (E) of 0.70, which exceeds the optimal reference point (E = 0.5). These findings indicate that the kawakawa tuna stock in West Aceh is currently overexploited. This study provides the first updated, location-specific population parameter estimates for E. affinis in West Aceh waters, offering a critical scientific baseline for regionally adaptive fisheries management. Science-based management measures are therefore recommended, including implementing a minimum landing size of ≥43 cm FL, seasonal closures during spawning periods, effort control, and strengthened fisher participation to ensure long-term stock sustainability
Copyright (c) 2025 Asri Mursawal, Sri Wahyuni, Anisa Mardhatila, Oktavia Oktavia, Fitri Diana, Serliana Hotmariska Marbun, Ronal Kurniawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0