THE EFFECTIVENESS OF Cosmos caudatus IN PREVENTING HYPERGLYCEMIA DUE TO Aeromonas hydrophila INFECTION IN Pangasianodon hypophthalmus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31258/ajoas.8.3.319-326Keywords:
Ulam raja, Striped catfish, Hyperglycemia, Motile Aeromonas septicemiaAbstract
Cosmos caudatus is a herb that benefits overall health. This study aimed to determine the effect of C. caudatus leaf supplementation in feed on blood glucose levels in catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. This study was conducted from March to August 2024 at the Marine Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Riau. The method used was an experimental design employing a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and three replications: negative control (NC, no supplementation, no infection), positive control (PC, no supplementation, with A. hydrophila bacterial infection), supplementation with C. caudatus at doses of 10 g/kg (T1), 15 g/kg (T2), and 20 g/kg (T3) of feed, all tested against A. hydrophila. The fish fry used weighed 5.00 ± 1.00 g and were reared for 75 days in 100-L tanks integrated with an aquaponics system. The fish were fed the experimental feed for 60 days before challenge with A. hydrophila bacteria (10⁸ CFU/mL, intramuscular injection) and continued for 14 days after challenge. Blood glucose levels were measured at the beginning (day 1), day 30, pre-challenge (day 60), and post-challenge (day 75). The results showed that adding basil leaves to the feed affected blood glucose (P<0.05). The addition of C. Caudatus leaves maintained glucose homeostasis within the range of 68.33±10.59-79.67±7.77 mg/dL. These findings indicate that C. Caudatus supplementation effectively prevents hyperglycemia caused by A. hydrohila infection in striped catfish and suggest its potential as a natural immunostimulant and metabolic modulator in aquaculture
Downloads
References
1. Vaishali, M.A., Holeyappa, S.A., Khairnar, S.O., Barik, S., Tyagi, A.K., & Surasani, V.K.R. Growth Performance, Health Status, and Flesh Quality of Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) Reared in Variable Stocking Densities in Biofloc System. Aquaculture, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.741047
2. Kumar, M., Dube, K., Tiwari, V.K., Reddy, A., & Chaturvedi, C.S. Comparative Performance of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) Culture in Cages and Ponds. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2017; 6(10): 1679–1688. https://doi.org/10.20546/IJCMAS.2017.610.203
3. Abd-elaziz, R.A. Striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) with Special Emphasis on its Suitability to the Egyptian Aquaculture: An Overview. Egyptian Journal of Animal Health, 2024; 4(2): 148-153. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejah.2024.348357
4. Sarker, J., & Faruk, M. Experimental infection of Aeromonas hydrophila in Pangasius. Progressive Agriculture, 2016; 27(3): 392–399. https://doi.org/10.3329/PA.V27I3.30836
5. Bondad-Reantaso, M.G., Mackinnon, B., Karunasagar, I., Fridman, S., Alday-Sanz, V., Brun, E., Le Groumellec, M., Li, A., Surachetpong, W., Karunasagar, I., Hao, B., Dall’occo, A., Urbani, R., & Caputo, A. Review of Alternatives to Antibiotic use in Aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12786
6. Chen, J., Sun, R., Sun, R., Pan, C., Sun, Y., Mai, B.-X., & Li, Q. X. Antibiotics and Food Safety in Aquaculture. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2020; 68(43): 11908–11919. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.JAFC.0C03996
7. Milijašević, M., Vesković-Moračanin, S., Babić Milijašević, J., Petrović, J., & Nastasijević, I. Antimicrobial Resistance in Aquaculture: Risk Mitigation within the One Health Context. Foods, 2024; 13(15): 2448. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13152448
8. Rodríguez, C., Boglino, A., Peña Messina, E., Linares-Cordova, J.F., & Ibarra Zatarain, Z. Línea de Tiempo de Las Concentraciones Plasmáticas de Cortisol y Glucosa en Lisa (Mugil cephalus) Categorizados de Acuerdo a Estilo de Afrontamiento Al Estrés de Tipo Proactivo y Reactivo. Revista Bio Ciencias, 2025. https://doi.org/10.15741/revbio.12.e1712
9. Raja, M., Jayanthi, A., Kavitha, M., & Perumal, P. The Effects Induced Hyperglycemia on Adrenal Cortex Function in the Giant Danio Devario aequipinnatus Embryos. Journal of Diabetes, Metabolic Disorders & Control, 2017; 4(4). https://doi.org/10.15406/JDMDC.2017.04.00119
10. Jerez-Cepa, I., Gorissen, M., Mancera, J.M., & Ruiz-Jarabo, I. What can We Learn from Glucocorticoid Administration in Fish? Effects of Cortisol and Dexamethasone on Intermediary Metabolism of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2019; 231: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CBPA.2019.01.010
11. Effendi, I., Farhana, H., Mardalisa, M., Yoswaty, D., Syawal, H., Austin, B., Lyndon, A.R., Wahyuni, S., & Kurniawan, R. Phytoimmunostimulants Increase of the Immunity of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila Infection in Brackish Water. AACL Bioflux, 2025; 18(1):277-284
12. Effendi I., Yoswaty D., Syawal H. Austin B., Lyndon A. R., Kurniawan R., Wahyuni S., Al-Harbi A., The Use of Medicinal Herbs in Aquaculture Industry: A Review. Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 2022; 7:7–20
13. Ahda, M., Jaswir, I., Khatib, A., Ahmed, Q.U., & Mohamad, S.N.A.S. A review on Cosmos caudatus as A Potential Medicinal Plant based on Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities. International Journal of Food Properties, 2023; 26(1): 344–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2022.2158862
14. Senjaya, A.A., Supariani, N.N.D., & Sirat, N.M. Phytochemicals and Toxicity of the Extract from Cosmos caudatus Leaves. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 2024; 17(3): 2055–2064. https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/3007
15. Yana, H.Y., Hidayati, L., Wijayanti, N., & Nuringtyas, T.R. Immunomodulatory Activity of Agarwood Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Leaf Extracts on Staphylococcus aureus-infected Macrophages in vitro. The Indonesian Biomedical Journal, 2022; 14(2): 156–163. https://doi.org/10.18585/inabj.v14i2.1810
16. Nazneen, H., K.H., J., Thakur, A., & Kadakol, S. The Role of Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds in Modulating Host–Microbe Interactions and Immune Responses. Plant Science Review, 2023; 4(2): 4–2. https://doi.org/10.51470/psr.2023.04.02.01
17. Sofia, V., Firdaus, T.N., & Saputri, M. Phytochemical Screening and Anti-hyperglycemic Effect Test of Ethanol Extract of Waru Leaf (Hibiscus tiliaceus) on Glucose-loaded Mice. Jurnal Farmasi dan Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 2024; 11(3): 345–355. https://doi.org/10.20473/jfiki.v11i32024.345-355
18. Rinawati, R., Suharyanto, E., & Wijayanti, N. Pengaruh Ekstrak Rebusan Daun Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray terhadap Kadar Glukosa Darah. BIOTIK: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Teknologi dan Kependidikan, 2019; 7(1): 41-48. https://doi.org/10.22373/BIOTIK.V7I1.5470
19. Simarmata, A.H., Windarti, W., & Effendi, I. The Effectiveness of Cosmos caudatus Enriched Pellets to Improve Growth and Survival of Pangasianodon hypopthalmus reared in Dark Saline Media. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, 2025; 29(3): 2391 – 2403
20. Witeska, M., Kondera, E., Lugowska, K., & Bojarski, B. Hematological Methods in Fish-Not Only for Beginners. Aquaculture, 2022; 547:737498
21. Eames, S.C., Philipson, L.H., Prince, V.E., & Kinkel, M.D. Blood Sugar Measurement in Zebrafish Reveals Dynamics of Glucose Homeostasis. Zebrafish, 2010; 7(2). doi:10.1089/zeb.2009.0640
22. Windarti, W., Effendi, I., Kurniawan, R., Putri, M.N., Gusriansyah, D., & Karsih, O.R. Supplementation of Fermented Moringa Leaves in Feed on Blood Glucose of Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Jurnal Natur Indoensia, 2024; 22(2): 92-99. https://doi.org/10.31258/jnat.22.02.92-99
23. Zaki, M.A.A., Khalil, H.S., Allam, B.W. et al. Assessment of Zootechnical Parameters, Intestinal Digestive Enzymes, Haemato-Immune Responses, and Hepatic Antioxidant Status of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Fingerlings Reared under different Stocking Densities. Aquacult Int., 2023; 31: 2451–2474,. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01092-w
24. Borski, R.J., Mankiewicz, J.L., Lee, W.F., & Deck, C.A. Hormonal Control of Energy Reserves and Metabolites in Fishes. Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology (Second Edition). Academic Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-90801-6.00112-9
25. Suryadinata, R.V. Changes in Blood Glucose Levels in Experimental Animals with Hyperglycemia Due to Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) Peel Extract. Jurnal Bioteknologi dan Biosains Indonesia, 2023; 9(1): 139–146. https://doi.org/10.55981/jbbi.2022.1794
26. Syawal, H., Kurniawan, R., Effendi, I., & Austin, B. Fermented Medicinal Herbs Improve Hematological and Physiological Profile of Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). F1000Research, 2022; 10, 466. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.52640.3
27. Philominal, P., Uma, A., Ahilan, B., & Jayakumar, N. Hematobiochemical Changes, Immunological Response, and Immune Gene Expression in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Experimentally Infected with Shewanella putrefaciens. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 2024. https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-5337
28. Nissa, M.U., Pinto, N., Ghosh, B., Singh, U., Goswami, M., & Srivastava, S. Proteomic Analysis of Liver Tissue Reveals Aeromonas hydrophila Infection Mediated Modulation of Host Metabolic Pathways in Labeo rohita. bioRxiv, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.16.468918
29. Curiel-Ayala, F., Celis-Rodríguez, F., Jiménez-García, S.N., & García-Mier, L. Chaya Leaf: A Promising Approach for Diabetes Management. Pharmaceuticals, 2025; 18(9): 1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph1809124
30. Kaur, M., Sonawane, S., Mishra, B., Rathaur, H., & Shamim, M. Insights on Anti-Diabetic Phytochemicals based on Their Multi-Mechanistic and Therapeutic Targets. IIP Press, 2024; 233–246. https://doi.org/10.58532/v3bipn9ch21
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ronal Kurniawan, Windarti Windarti, Irwan Effendi, Asmika Harnalin Simarmata, Efawani Efawani, Rodhi Firmansyah, Nur Ikhlas Syuhada, Okta Rizal Karsih (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
